Sazonova V.A.

Instruments and mechanisms of state policy towards Chinese migrants in Eastern Transbaikalia in the 1920s–1930s. Pp. 68–78.

UDC 94(47).084.6

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2025.86.1.007

 

Abstract. The article studies implementation of the state national policy in the territory of Eastern Transbaikalia in 1920s–1930s. After the October Revolution, the country began radical transformations in all spheres of the state structure. Ethnic issues were a very important area of the young Soviet state’s policy. In the border territories, including Transbaikalia in the 1920s–1930s, there lived a great number of Chinese migrants who, for various reasons, had come to the Soviet territory in search of employment. The Soviet national policy was based on the important principle of achieving political, economic and social equality between representatives of different nations, including national minorities, including Chinese migrants. The Soviet authorities created new tools and mechanisms, principles and approaches to solving the national issue. New bodies and structures were established to ensure the implementation of the ethnic policy, and a new legal and regulatory framework appeared. The policy towards Chinese migrants was manifested in the creation of conditions for organizing education, upbringing, and adaptation of the Chinese, as well as their integration into the process of socialist construction, political party activities and social life of the Soviet state. This activity had certain achievements and results, but there were also shortcomings that hindered the achievement of the goals.

 

Keywords: Eastern Transbaikalia, national policy, eastern workers, Chinese, commissioners, national minorities.

 

Bibliography

 

  1. Alepko A. V., Bondar G. A. On the issue of clubs, theaters and the press of the Chinese diaspora of the Soviet Far East in 1923–1930. Istoriya i Kitay: istoriya i perspektivy sotrudnichestva: materialy VIII Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. [History and China: history and prospects for cooperation: materials of the VIII international scientific-practical conference. Blagoveshchensk, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University Publ., 2018,
    219–223. (In Russian).
  2. Alepko A. V. Formation and development of the system of higher party education of Chinese communists in the Far Eastern Region of the USSR in 1923–1936. Rossiya i Kitay: istoriya i perspektivy sotrudnichestva: materialy VIII Mezhdunar. nauch. prakt. konf. (Blagoveshchensk, 21–28 maya 2018 g.). [Russia and China: history and prospects for cooperation: Proc. of the VIII International scientific-practical conference. (Blagoveshchensk, May 21–28, 2018)]. Blagoveshchensk, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 2018, pp. 211–218. (In Russian).
  3. Vashchuk A. S., Chernolutskaya E. N., Koroleva V. A., Dudchenko G. B., Gerasimova L. A. Etnomigratsionnyye protsessy v Primorye v XX v.[Ethnomigration Processes in Primorye in the 20th Century]. Vladivostok, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2002, 228 p. (In Russian).
  4. Imperial chauvinism as the main danger in the national issue. Zabaikalsky Rabochy. [Transbaikalian worker]. 1930, August 8, iss. 180, pp. 2. (In Russian).
  5. We do not deal with Eastern workers. Zabaikalsky Rabochy. [Transbaikalian worker]. 1929, July 7, iss. 151, pp. 2. (In Russian).
  6. Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1926 goda.[All-Union Population Census of 1926]. Moscow, Center for Statistical Administration of the USSR, 1929, vol. 9, 228 p. (In Russian).
  7. Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 17 dekabrya 1926 g.: kratkiye svodki.[All-Union Population Census of December 17, 1926: brief summaries]. Moscow, Center for Statistical Administration of the USSR, 1928, vol. 4, 138 p. (In Russian).
  8. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Zabaikalskogo kraya (GAZK). F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 117; F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 235; F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 321; F. P 71 Op. 1. D. 371; F. P 71. Op. 1. D. 564; F. P 74. Op. 4. D. 30; F. P 75. Op. 1.
    796; F. P 75. Op. 1. D. 1023; F. P 75. Op. 2. D. 51; F. R 590. Op. 1. D. 2; F. R 590. Op. 1. D. 15; F. R 1448. Op. 1. D. 10; F. R 1784. Op. 1. D. 44.    [State Archives of the Transbaikalian Kray (GAZK). F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 117; F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 235; F. P 2. Op. 1. D. 321; F. P 71 Op. 1. D. 371; F. P 71. Op. 1. D. 564; F. P 74. Op. 4. D. 30; F. P 75. Op. 1. D. 796; F. P 75. Op. 1. D. 1023; F. P 75. Op. 2. D. 51; F. R 590. Op. 1. D. 2; F. R 590. Op. 1.
    D. 15; F. R 1448. Op. 1. D. 10; F. R 1784. Op. 1. D. 44]. (In Russian).
  9. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Irkutskoy oblasti (GAIO). R 600. Op. 1. D. 377; F. R 610. Op. 1. D. 85. [State Archives of the Irkutsk Region (GAIO)]. F. R 600. Op. 1. D. 377; F. R 610. Op. 1. D. 85]. (In Russian).
  10. Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Respubliki Buryatiya (GARB). F. R 475. Op. 1. D. 878.[State Archives of the Republic of Buryatia (GARB). F. R 475. Op. 1. D. 878]. (In Russian).
  11. Zalesskaya O. V. Kitayskiye migranty na Dalnem Vostoke Rossii (1858–1938): dis. … d-ra ist. nauk. [Chinese Migrants in the Russian Far East (1858–1938): dis. … of Doctor of History]. Blagoveshchensk, 2009, 542 p.
  12. Datsyshen V. G. The Union of Chinese Workers in Siberia. Rossiya i ATR.[Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region]. 2019, iss. 3, pp. 95–109. (In Russian).
  13. Datsyshen V. G. The movement for latinization of Chinese writing and the development of Chinese schools in the Soviet Far East. Rossiya i ATR.[Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region]. 2008, iss. 3, pp. 160–169.
    (In Russian).
  14. Datsyshen V. G. The Chinese Population of Transbaikalia under the Stalinist System in the 1930s. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. “Istoriya Rossii”. [Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series “History of Russia”]. 2022, vol. 21, iss. 1, pp. 57–71. (In Russian).
  15. Report of the Secretary of the Presidium of the Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A. I. Tadzhiev to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the creation of an apparatus for working with nationalities under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee. February 9, 1930. TSK RKP(b) — VKP(b) i natsionalnyy vopros. Kn. 1: 1918–1933 gg. [The Central Committee of the RCP(b) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the National Issue. Book 1: 1918–1933]. Moscow, ROSSPEN, 2005, pp. 634–635. (In Russian).
  16. Commission for latinization of Chinese writing. On the issue of latinization of Chinese writing. Zapiski Instituta vostokovedeniya Akademii nauk SSSR. I. Red. izd. akad. S. F. Oldenburg.[Notes of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. I. Ed. by Academician S. F. Oldenburg]. Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1952, pp. 35–54. (In Russian).
  17. Korzhikhina T. P. Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i yego uchrezhdeniya: noyabr 1917 g. — dekabr 1991 g.: ucheb.[The Soviet state and its institutions: November 1917 – December 1991: textbook]. Moscow, RSUH, 1994, 418 p. (In Russian).
  18. Kulakov V. S., Konstantinov M. V., Rudenko Yu. T., Jurgenson G. A. Entsiklopediya Zabaikalya. Chitinskaya oblast: v 4 t. Glav. red. R. F. Geniatulin. [Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia. Chita Region: in
    4 volumes. Editor-in-chief R. F. Geniatulin]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2004, vol. 2: A–Z, pp. 358–359. (In Russian).
  19. Lantsova Yu. N. The condition of Eastern workers in Transbaikalia in the 1920s – early 1930s. Region v prigranichnom prostranstve: Mezhdunar. nauch. konf., posvyashch 165-letiyu obrazovaniya Zabaikalskoy oblasti, 165-letiyu Zabaikalskogo kazachyego voyska i 95-letiyu ustanovleniya diplomaticheskikh otnosheniy mezhdu Rossiyey i Mongoliyey.[The region in the border territory: International scientific conference devoted to the 165th anniversary of the formation of the Transbaikal Region, the 165th anniversary of the Transbaikal Cossack Host and the 95th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Mongolia]. Chita, Transbaikal State University Publ., 2016, pp. 92–95. (In Russian).
  20. Larin A. G. Kitayskiye migranty v Rossii. Istoriya i sovremennost. [Chinese migrants in Russia. History and modernity]. Moscow, Vostochnaya kniga, 2009, 512 p. (In Russian).
  21. Ocherki istorii Vostochnogo Zabaikalya. Chitinskaya oblast. Pod red. N. V. Gordeyeva. [Essays on the History of Eastern Transbaikalia. Chita Region. Ed. by N. V. Gordeev]. Chita, Express Publishing House, 2007, Vol. 2, 237 p. (In Russian).
  22. Panin E. V., Zozulya O. A. Education of National Minorities in National Departments of General Universities of Soviet Russia (1920–1930s). Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta lesa — Lesnoy vestnik.[Bulletin of the Moscow State Forest University — Forest Bulletin]. 2015, vol. 19, iss. 4, pp. 158–162. (In Russian).
  23. Sobraniye uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Rabochego i Krestyanskogo pravitelstva RSFSR, izdavayemoye Narodnym Komissariatom Yustitsii. [Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the RSFSR, published by the People’s Commissariat of Justice]. 1924, May 9, iss. 39, section 1, pp. 487–489.
    (In Russian).
  24. Sobraniye uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Rabochego i Krestyanskogo pravitelstva RSFSR, izdavayemoye Narodnym Komissariatom Yustitsii. [Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers’ and Peasants Government of the RSFSR, published by the People’s Commissariat of Justice]. 1929, June 30, iss. 42, section 1, pp. 594–596.
    (In Russian).
  25. Sobraniye uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Rabochego i Krestyanskogo pravitelstva RSFSR, izdavayemoye Narodnym Komissariatom Yustitsii. [Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers’ and Peasants Government of the RSFSR, published by the People’s Commissariat of Justice]. 1926, July 14, iss. 37, section 1, pp. 427–429.
    (In Russian).
Uncategorized